You can add a bean to your route that implements org.apache.camel.CamelContextAware. Camel will inject a reference to the context on start-up. Using the context you can get a reference of the timer/quartz endpoint and update its configuration.
What I don't know is whether this will be enough for the triggers to be re-scheduled according to your new periods/cron-expression. Maybe you have to cast the endpoint to TimerEndpoint and work with it directly, e.g. setting a new Timer instance based on your new schedule.