Almost my complete journey is described in the answer by now.
But the final nail in my coffin is following: The tests are green, because they run before the error occurs. The error is related to my app trying to read hardware information that is not available on the emulator.
Someone suggested to try out Genymotion. I've not yet looked into that, but if someone has the same issue as this, he might have luck with that.
I'll update this as soon as I have more input.