Solved...
According to other resources, the binary files can be deleted.
I deleted those files and rebuilt the solution, which caused Visual Studio to recreate the binary files, and now there's no reference to the nonexistent paths.
I had thought the path references might be the cause of a problem I had running a test application for the solution, but that turned out to be unrelated - the test app was loading an old DLL from C:\Windows\SysWOW64 when I expected it to be using my latest built version.