I believe you are looking for a combination of the tickMarkPlacement option and the pointPlacement option.
xAxis: {
tickmarkPlacement: 'on', // add this!
type: "",
categories: sorted_names,
labels: {
formatter: function () {
return this.value + '°';
}
}
},
And in the plot options:
plotOptions: {
series: {
pointPlacement: 'on' // add this !
},
column: {
pointPadding: 0,
groupPadding: 0
}
},
Here's a fiddle demonstration.