You'll need to install Visual Studio 2012 for Windows Phone.
You cannot get the same Visual Studio integration and templates without specifically installing the phone support when installing a full edition of Visual Studio 2013.
Note that Windows Phone 8 development tools require Windows 8 or higher as Hyper-V is required for the Windows Phone 8 emulator.
There is an add-in available to extend existing installations, but it won't work for the 2013 Express edition.
You can also install the SDK, but you'll need to use Visual Studio 2012 for Windows Phone for development. You'll not be able to use Visual Studio 2013.