If I recall correctly, it was related to a VOIP software called Netphone Client from Deutsche Telekom, which includes itself into other applications via a COM object.
Therefore this was exactly as projected by Hans Passant in the comments:
You are buried inside the COM plumbing with a clear hint that its internal state is corrupted. This is an environmental problem, some kind of DLL that gets injected into the process and screws things up. Long before the crash occurs so you'll have very little hope of diagnosing it with a debugger. Find the common source of the problem from the modules list. Suspect any shell extension, anti-malware, any utility similar to Dropbox. Use SysInternals' AutoRuns to disable them.
I don't remember how exactly I found the culprit, but I finally used a physical VOIP phone instead of the software + headset.