Check the logs first. They contain an overview of the error being thrown. Check out this post on details for viewing logs 'Pentaho report generating log (not report designer)'.
If that does not help then try to generate your report in any other format like .xls from your server. In case your server is hardcoded to throw reports only in .pdf format, then you can publish your .xmls and .xactions directly in your Pentaho bi-server and generate the report in the .xls format. The excel file can be opened even if it has errors and the error code can be obtained from there.
Now from my knowledge, the error codes indicate two scenarios mostly:
There is a problem in your .xaction file which can be due to the connection arguments being passed or the data not querying properly.
If all this is correct, then the error code will indicate something like a connection issue. In this case the only option you have is to restart the server and check. Sometimes deleting the files from the server and placing them again and the refreshing it also helps.
Try some of these options. Hope you figure out your issue. Good Luck.