Yes, this is possible, the implementation will depend on what device you pick.
Check out the usb-serial-for-android project for the communication from Android to the USB device. This has support for most major USB to UART Bridge devices such as a Silicon Labs, Prolific, FTDI and CDC Class devices.
You can talk to it as a serial device from your laptop computer using normal serial communications such as POSIX method for Linux or OSX or the Commuincations API for Windows.