Search engines will index your results only if they find links to them. In this case, you want these links to be SEO-friendly. There are plenty of articles on how this can be accomplished.
Simply adding a hashtag to your URL after you display the results is easy, but it will not achieve anything.
One solution is to create a site map file and submit it to Google. You can list the most popular (or all, if you don't have too many) results from your database in this site map. In this case you need links in this site map to read like:
myDomain.com/search/?city=London
or
myDomain.com/search/#London
In both cases, your servlet or your app should be able to process this link when a user hits it directly, and display the correct results to a user.