how to get the last address of an ARM image?

Question

I have a bare metal stand alone elf image compiled with linaro gcc. I need to find out the last address in that image. I tried doing this with objcopy -O ihex , and writing a small script to parse the ihex output, but this fails if the addresses exceed the 2G address space. So - how can I find out what is the last address in the image?

This is for an arm V8 64 bit architecture chip.

can objcopy be used for this, or should I use something else from the linaro toolchain? objdump maybe?

any help would be appriciated!

Answer 1

objdump and readelf can both display section summaries. objdump -h and readelf -S seem to be the proper options.

For example,

$ objdump -h boot_flag

boot_flag:     file format elf32-littlearm

Sections:
Idx Name          Size      VMA       LMA       File off  Algn
  0 .note.gnu.build-id 00000024  000080b4  000080b4  000000b4  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
  1 .text         00000310  000080d8  000080d8  000000d8  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, CODE
  2 .rodata       00000030  000083e8  000083e8  000003e8  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, READONLY, DATA
  3 .data         00000004  00010418  00010418  00000418  2**2
                  CONTENTS, ALLOC, LOAD, DATA
  4 .comment      0000003a  00000000  00000000  0000041c  2**0
                  CONTENTS, READONLY
  5 .ARM.attributes 0000002d  00000000  00000000  00000456  2**0
                  CONTENTS, READONLY

And...

$ readelf -S boot_flag
There are 8 section headers, starting at offset 0x4d0:

Section Headers:
  [Nr] Name              Type            Addr     Off    Size   ES Flg Lk Inf Al
  [ 0]                   NULL            00000000 000000 000000 00      0   0  0
  [ 1] .note.gnu.build-i NOTE            000080b4 0000b4 000024 00   A  0   0  4
  [ 2] .text             PROGBITS        000080d8 0000d8 000310 00  AX  0   0  4
  [ 3] .rodata           PROGBITS        000083e8 0003e8 000030 01 AMS  0   0  4
  [ 4] .data             PROGBITS        00010418 000418 000004 00  WA  0   0  4
  [ 5] .comment          PROGBITS        00000000 00041c 00003a 01  MS  0   0  1
  [ 6] .ARM.attributes   ARM_ATTRIBUTES  00000000 000456 00002d 00      0   0  1
  [ 7] .shstrtab         STRTAB          00000000 000483 00004b 00      0   0  1
Key to Flags:
  W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings)
  I (info), L (link order), G (group), T (TLS), E (exclude), x (unknown)
  O (extra OS processing required) o (OS specific), p (processor specific)

Show some section information for an ARM926 static binary. Of interest are the VMA, LMA, Size and Addr fields. Extract them and sort and then add the Size to the final value.