This is called a Local, Private, or Proxy repository.
You may find that page of interest. This is about Ubuntu, but it should work the same with Debian since the tools at that level are the same.
https://askubuntu.com/questions/170348/how-to-make-my-own-local-repository
You could also have a full mirror, but that would mean download the entire archive which is great if you have 100+ servers, but not so useful otherwise.
https://www.debian.org/mirror/ftpmirror
Finally, to answer your question fully, if the package is available on your CD or DVD, then you could install from that media. But I understand that you want the latest version and thus need at least one download.