I can't tell you for sure exactly what's wrong with the code you've provided, but I'm using Angular UI-Router with the same use case you described, and it's working for me. Here's how I have it configured and how it's different from your configuration:
I don't use $routeProvider at all (none of your $routeProvider.when statements). I'm pretty sure you should not be using $routeProvider since you're using $stateProvider.
I have one use of the $urlRouterProvider with an 'otherwise' statement to specify a default URL:
$urlRouterProvider.otherwise("/home");
My calls to $stateProvider.state is a little different from yours. Here's the one for the parent view of the tabs:
$stateProvider.state('configure', { url: "/configure", templateUrl: 'app/configure/configure.tpl.html', controller: 'ConfigureCtrl' });
Here's an example of the child state (really the same except for the state name being parent.child format, which you already have in your code; and I added a resolve block but you could have that on the parent as well):
$stateProvider.state('configure.student', { url: "/student", templateUrl: 'app/configure/student/configure.student.tpl.html', controller: 'ConfigureStudentCtrl', resolve: { storedClassCode: function($q, user, configureService) { return configureService.loadMyPromise($q, user); } } });
Also, I'm using version 0.2.8 of Angular UI-Router with version 1.2.9 of Angular. I think this would work with any version of Angular 1.2.0 or later.