I think your best bet is to use:
pg_dump --schema-only prod | psql dev
To keep the schemas in sync, either drop and reload the dev db, or script your schema changes so you can apply the change to both DBs. You should be doing that anyway, testing changes in dev before applying them to production.
(Tools like Liquibase can be interesting for this).
Attempts to link DDL definitions directly are unsafe. They create a dependency from production to dev. That's risky.
For example, if you were to use a table inheritance based approach then a long-running transaction holding a lock on the dev tables might cause delays on production.