If I can be permitted to answer my own question, I believe the solution is to use a PatternProperties definition for the key, with a very specific regex. The value can be any type supported by json-schema, including another regex. In my case, it's an enum.
So the definition looks something like-
"patternProperties": {
"^https:\/\/www.example.com\/auth\/\\w+$": {
"type": "string",
"enum": ["read_only", "read_write", "write_only"]
}
},
"additionalProperties": false