Best I can find so far:
The main difference between how Consumers and Engaged Users are defined, is that Consumers are people that clicked on your posts (anywhere within a post), while Engaged Users are people that clicked or created a story anywhere on your page (this includes liking your page).
Since Consumer engagement is limited to posts and Engaged Users can click anywhere on the page, the number of Engaged Users on your page will always be equal to or larger than the number of Consumers.
Both metrics are available within Facebook Insights at the page and post level. At the post level the number of Engaged Users and Consumers should almost be equal.
Source: http://simplymeasured.com/blog/2013/09/11/facebook-metrics-defined-consumers-vs-engaged-users/