Because of the effort that would go into properly working with DPI in Windows Forms, we ended up pursuing a much easier route: changing the fonts of the form.
If all of the controls are set to AutoScale by Font (which is their default), you can override the system font on a per-form basis.
this.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Microsoft Sans Serif", 8.25F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
Some controls don't pull from the form's font, and would have to be set individually, such as menustrips.
menuStrip1.Font = new System.Drawing.Font("Segoe UI", 9F, System.Drawing.FontStyle.Regular, System.Drawing.GraphicsUnit.Point, ((byte)(0)));
We changed font size for the form to 14 and for the menus to 15 to increase readability, and changed them back to their original values to return to standard mode.
Note that just as some controls will ignore the form font by default, many (if not all) controls can and will ignore this if you manually configure their font (such as making text bold, or italics, etc.). Every instance of this needs to be handled individually.