If all you want to do is to default to 32-bit integers, you can put a compile_opt statement in your codes. Put
compile_opt defint32
at the top of your routines. Or,
compile_opt idl2
which is shorthand for defint32 and strictarr (enforces using square brackets for indexing). This will make IDL use 32-bit integers everywhere it would normally have used 16-bit integers.
However, I'm not sure how this addresses your 'large data' problem. You may want to use
help, /mem
to check your memory usage.