You said "I know what file://~~~ or http:// means, but I cannot understand something like direct:a."
file, http, and direct are all camel components which can be found in the link that hveiga already provided.
You also talk about DSLs, which SAM has given you some examples of.
I'm not sure if you are looking for the javadocs, they can be found here http://camel.apache.org/maven/current/camel-spring/apidocs/index.html
But they mostly just link back to camels web page. For the specific example of the "direct" component which you mentioned, all applicable arguments can be found here: http://camel.apache.org/maven/current/camel-core/apidocs/index.html