VirtualBox has an API for creating/running VMs. The program Vagrant uses this to give developers a simple cross-platform way to develop. You can run vagrant up
from Windows, Linux or Windows, and it does the same thing.
You can also script adding ports to your VM, so your C++ program could say "VirtualBox, boot me this image", then just connect to a TCP port to talk to the "Linux program". But debugging problems will be hard.
But if your goal is to sell a Linux program to non-Linux desktop people, it's probably best for you and your sanity to bite the bullet and port it to Windows/Mac. (Or go Cloud and sell it as a service.)