I decided to use another icon in my Action Bar and now the navigation drawer icon is visible on all devices.
I added this to my action bar theme in "styles-v14":
<item name="android:displayOptions">homeAsUp|showTitle|showHome</item>
<item name="android:icon">@drawable/ic_custom</item>
And this to my action bar theme in "styles":
<item name="displayOptions">homeAsUp|showTitle|showHome</item>
<item name="icon">@drawable/ic_custom</item>