using fork in an if-statement/ managing processes

Question

I have this bit of code:

   printf("L1 ");

   if(fork() != 0) {
      printf("L2 ");

      if(fork() != 0) {

         printf("L3 ");
         fork();
      }
   }
printf("End \n");

As an exercise I am trying to figure out some examples of valid/ invalid output that would result from running this code (without actually running it).

I am still a bit confused with how the fork() method works exactly within an if-statement. I know that once it is called it returns twice, indicating that it has created two processes.So that if I did something like,

printf("L1 ");
fork();
printf("L2 ");

I would get L1 L2 L2

But I am still shaky on how it works in in statements like in the first bit of code.

Here is what I think are a few valid/ invalid outputs:

Valid: L1 L1 L2
       L1 L2 L3
       L1 L2 L1

Invalid: (Anything hat doesn't start with L1)
      L1 L2 L2
      L1 L3 L2

Doe these make sense? Is there an simple way to explain sort of what is going on in the if-statements so that I can get a general idea as to how the fork() works in them? And are these output values correct/ incorrect?

Answer 1

If the fork() calls all fail, there'll only be one process, so it will print:

L1 L2 L3 End

If every fork() call succeeds, then:

1. Assuming line buffered or fully buffered output,
2. There will be 4 lots of print out, but their sequence is indeterminate, and could be (but probably won't be) interleaved on the output.
3. Each output will start with L1 and end with End.
4. When fork() returns a non-zero value, it is the parent process.
5. The first if fails in the first child, so it prints L1 End.
6. The first if passes in the parent, and the subsequent outputs will then include L2.
7. The second if fails in the second child, so it prints L1 L2 End.
8. The second if passes in the parent, and the subsequent outputs will then include L3.
9. The third fork() creates two processes (or creates one and continues in the parent), both of which print L1 L2 L3 End.

So, the output will consist of:

L1 End
L1 L2 End
L1 L2 L3 End
L1 L2 L3 End

but the sequence is not guaranteed.

---

After posting the analysis above, I checked it by running it, and the first sample run produced:

L1 End 
L1 L2 L3 End 
L1 L2 End 
L1 L2 L3 End 

---

Note that if the output is non-buffered, then the output is different. L1 will appear once; L2 will appear once; L3 will appear once; and End will appear four times.

One possible sequence is:

L1 L2 End 
L3 End 
End 
End 

Another observed sequence (second of two runs) was:

L1 L2 L3 End 
End End 

End 

Answer 2

In your code, the child of each fork proceeds directly to the printf("End"). Only the parent will print L1, L2, L3, so they'll only be printed once each, in that order. Mixed in with that output would be the Ends of the children (and the final end of the parent).