The final solution was to cast the object as an array, slice the array (because Codeception's Maybe object converted to an array adds public properties and such that we want to strip), and pull the key desired:
$jsonListingObj = $I->grabDataFromJsonResponse("tree.traversing.traversed");
$jsonListingArray = (array)$jsonListingObj;
$JSONParsed = key(current(array_slice($jsonListingArray, 1,1)));
$JSONParsed then returns '123456' in the example above.