1) Of course you can do both before and after journal on a table. If you couldn't, the parser would complain about it :-)
2) before journal is used for rollback (undo log) and after journal for rollforward (redo log). So it might be a part of a backup solution.
3) fallback stores every row twice, including journal rows.
4) checksum is a disk I/O integrity check, i've hardly seen it used.
You might check the DDL and the Database Design manual for details.