You just need the alias after all the manipulation:
Lpad (Concat(Round((Retail-Cost)/Cost*100, 0), '%'), 5, ' ') "Profit"
The 'missing right parenthesis' error usually doesn't literally mean that the parentheses are unbalanced - that you have more left than right. It's that it's expecting to see one in a particular place and saw something else, that it didn't understand. In this case that's seeing the double-quoted alias identifier "Profit"
where it's expecting to see the the next part of the lpad
syntax.