Speaking with developers from MigLayout and JavaFX, I found out that there is no way to make JavaFX 8 and MigLayout 4.2 cooperate.
For the moment, the solution is to update MigLayout to 5.0-SNAPSHOT, available in Sonatype's Snapshot repo.
The reason for this is - as far as I understand it - that JavaFX 8 triggers layouts only once per pulse, instead of multiple times as was the case in JavaFX 2.
MigLayout 4.2 had validation issue, in certain scenarios it updated the screen without updating, although its layout grid was invalid.
Since layouts were triggered multiple times per pulse, the validation (which happened later in the layout pass) was used in a subsequent layout pass, thus rendering the layout correctly.
By switching to the once-per-pulse behaviour, JavaFX 8 exposed this issue in MigLayout, and it was fixed by validating the layout prior to each layout pass.