Ok I found out what it was caused by: My web.config contained
<customErrors mode="On" redirectMode="ResponseRedirect">
<error statusCode="404" redirect="/" />
</customErrors>
and
<system.webServer>
<httpErrors errorMode="Custom">
<remove statusCode="404" />
<error statusCode="404" path="/" responseMode="Redirect" />
</httpErrors>
</system.webServer>
I know that's the wrong way to handle 404 responses, but I was not on the way to leave it. I just wonder why Chrome gets a 404 response, even when my handler returns content? Because this is the only reason how it could forward to "/" and repeat my life cycle.