So do you actually want two fixed colors, i.e. two categories, or do you still want the numeric scale?
In the first case, the code is:
library(treemap)
data <- data.frame(index=paste0("S",1:4), vSize=c(100,150,125,267),
vColor=factor(c(1,-1,1,-1)))
treemap(data,c("index"), "vSize", "vColor", "categorical")
For this 'categorical' treemap I factorized the vColor variable. You can assign any fixed colors you like with the argument palette.
Best, Martijn