The best guess I could offer is that an aligned_calloc specifically goes against one of the C1X charter's explicit goals:
Unlike for C9X, the consensus at the London meeting was that there should be no invention, without exception. Only those features that have a history and are in common use by a commercial implementation should be considered. Also there must be care to standardize these features in a way that would make the Standard and the commercial implementation compatible.
http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/wg14/www/docs/n1250.pdf
Looking around at commercial implementations, aligned_malloc was widely available and common to most every platform. An aligned calloc would have required more than wrapping on many platforms to offer more than the aligned_malloc() + memset() pair, thus could be considered inventive and thus was left out.
That'd be my best guess.