You should pass thread callback function arguments as a tuple or a list:
thread = Thread(target= buttonDisable, args=(button,))
BTW, using after
, you don't need to use thread.
import time
from tkinter import Tk, Button, SUNKEN, RAISED
def tFunc(button):
button.config(state='disable',relief=SUNKEN)
root.after(5000, lambda: button.config(state='active', relief=RAISED))
# Invoke the lambda function in 5000 ms (5 seconds)
root = Tk()
button = Button(root, text='Button', command= lambda : tFunc(button))
button.pack()
root.mainloop()