I just serendipitously found the problem causing this, which my debugging didn't seem to reveal. In case anyone runs into this problem as well, here is what solved it:
It seems my JavaScript blocker (NoScript) was blocking the vimeo.com domain which for some reason was necessary to perform the XMLHttpRequest successfully. Once I noticed it said there were blocked domains (since my own server is not blocked, and it makes no use of external script
s, it was strange that it would say so) I enabled vimeo.com, tried again, and it worked perfectly. So I guess this stems from how XMLHttpRequest is implemented, probably trying to run the http request on the other domain as a javascript call or something like that (perhaps one of you more knowledgeable folk can clarify this for us). But in any case, my issue was solved in this way. Hope that helps any other frustrated googlers out there.