I understand that I still need to go through the oAuth process (or do I?)
Yes, you do.
but when I try to do that through developer.intuit.com, it's requiring an app URL and host name domain.
Just enter in localhost
to get through the registration process.
Then, you can use Intuit's OAuth Playground tool to get the access tokens you need, without having to actually implement any website-based stuff.
Is there seriously no way to simply access my QuickBooks Online account using the SDK by just supplying my userID and password?
There is no way to access your QuickBooks Online account programatically with just a username and password. You need to use OAuth.
It's really not that difficult if you just enter localhost
in and use the Playground tool. Should take all of 30 minutes tops to get going.