I was successful in obtaining the formula by:
string fontSize = shape.CellsSRC[(short) Visio.VisSectionIndices.visSectionCharacter,
(short) Visio.VisRowIndices.visRowCharacter,
(short) Visio.VisCellIndices.visCharacterSize].Formula;
Or by:
string fontSize = shape.CellsSRC[3,0,7].Formula;
Which is practically the same, only not very readable, Or by:
string fontSize = shape.get_Cells("Char.Size").Formula;