I have figured it out.
/WCF_RIA_ServiceData.svc/GetJobDataByEmployee?EmployeeID=1/
is the correct way to call it, but you have to specify that it has side-effects by adding this line before your method in the WCF RIA Service.
[Query(HasSideEffects = true)]
I don't quite understand why this is required, because in my case the code doesn't actually cause any side-effects. If anyone has any information on why this is required please let me know.