It turns out that 'borderColor' is an acceptable attribute of each of the data points, it's just not documented.
Turn the border on and set the default color to white:
plotOptions: {
bar: {
borderColor: '#FFFFFF',
borderWidth: 1
}
}
Set the border color within the appropriate series
series: [{
name: 'Measure',
data: [
{y: score2, color: colors[1], borderColor:'Yellow'},
{y: scoreprev, color: colors[4] },
{y: score1, color: colors[0] },
{y: score3, color: colors[2] },
{y: score4, color: colors[3] }] }]