Spring retrieves the authorities for a user via the org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService interface.
You will typically provide a UserDetailsService implementation bean to the authentication manager, and the manager will make calls to the interface to retrieve user details.
Depending on how you have configured your service, it should be possible to inject the UserDetailsService into any other bean. At that point, you can simply call loadUserByUsername() to retrieve the UserDetails object for the user and then call getAuhtorities() on it.