If all your user control has is one child control, I think you're better off creating it as a custom control instead. Those are written completely in code, so it'll get rid of the superfluous .ascx file and your AssociatedControlID will work as well.
For a tutorial, check out this:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/yhzc935f(v=vs.100).aspx
Their example even happens to show how to extend a label control, which is exactly what you want. The page is a bit long but in the end it just boils down to creating a class that inherits from Label
and then registering it with a <%@ Register %>
or in a web.config file.