It looks like you do not have the PCL profile 78 installed for some reason.
I am basing this on the fact that I would expect the error message reported by NuGet to include the framework names and not use the profile name. For example when I try to install Microsoft.AspNet.Razor 3.1.2 into a project that targets Profile 78 I get the error:
Could not install package 'Microsoft.AspNet.Razor 3.1.2'.
You are trying to install this package into a project that targets
'portable-net45+wp80+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10'.
I can install MvvmCross.PortableSupport 3.1.1 into a project that targets the PCL profile 78 using Xamarin Studio 4.2.4 and Mono 3.2.6 on the Mac.
You could try re-installing Mono to try and fix this. However you said you tried that already.
I also have an simple C# console application that you can use to display the PCL profiles installed on your machine. The output from this on my Mac with Mono 3.2.6 installed is:
.NETPortable root path found: /Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/3.2.6/lib/mono/4.5/../xbuild-frameworks/.NETPortable
.NETPortable profiles:
Profile136 net40+sl50+wp80+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile14 net40+sl50+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile147 net403+sl50+wp80+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile158 net45+sl50+wp80+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile19 net403+sl50+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile24 net45+sl50+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile37 net40+sl50+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile42 net403+sl50+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile47 net45+sl50+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile5 net40+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile6 net403+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile49 net45+wp80+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile7 net45+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
Profile78 net45+wp80+win+MonoAndroid10+MonoTouch10
You can also take a look at the /Library/Frameworks/Mono.framework/Versions/3.2.6/lib/mono/xbuild-frameworks/.NETPortable directory and see what profiles are in there.