As told in comment, you should start by learning javascript and the basics of chrome extensions before starting a project like this. (Get Started and API reference)
I assume the principal question is: How to send data from the extension back to your server?
Short Version
A solution is to use AJAX requests from the background page when you need to send data to the server.
Detailed Version
- Get the data you need from content scripts when the user visits a page.
- Send this data back to your background page through message passing.
- From your backgroud page Use pure Javascript or the Jquery framework to send the AJAX request. There are lots of question on this subject on stackoverflow.
- Do not forget to set the correct permissions in your manifest.json file (https://developer.chrome.com/extensions/xhr).
- Build a page (PHP, Java, etc.) on your server to recieve the POST data.