The API keys are bound to the package name of the application and the certificate used to sign it (you can use the same key for multiple applications, of course, but you must register each one individually in the Developer Console).
As far as I know, there is no option to provide the key in runtime either. While the now-deprecated V1 API did provide a constructor supplying the key, the new API does not.
Therefore, if what you want to do is distribute a "ready to use" library project with an included API key (yours) for any application, it looks like that's not possible. You need to tell your users to obtain a key, and then include the "com.google.android.maps.v2.API_KEY" entry in their AndroidManifest.xml file.