Yes it is possible to upload all kind of binary files including images to a blob table.
For example with curl you can use:
curl -v -XPUT localhost:4200/_blobs/foo/3b31733584613967a14d5a9ef530fbdc750c09cf --data-binary @/tmp/screenshot.png
(The hash has to be generated beforehand, for example using sha1sum:
sha1sum /tmp/screenshot.png
The python client for example also has built-in blob support: