I think if you provide an overestimate for width and height you can achieve this.
For example:
dev.new(width=24, height=24)
That does depend on which device is used by default, but I think this will always work for the screen device as long as no other setting has change the units. X11 and windows and pdf and postscript use inches but png and other bitmap devices use pixels.
There is no way to resize an already open device afaik.