To answer your question you will need to evaluate angular until the document is ready since your fiddle is running outside of angular you will have to do something like:
$(document).on('ready',function(){
var t = document.getElementById("placeholder");
t.innerHTML = t.getAttribute("data-title");
alert(t.getAttribute("data-title"));
});
Here is the updated fiddle.
Important: mixing angular with JQuery events or any other events "outside of angular" world is not recommended and there is not guarantee this will always work nor it will be accepted way to resolve this.