How can I calculate the distance between two points in Cartesian space while respecting Asteroids style wrap around?

Question

I have two points (x₁, y₁) and (x₂,y₂) which represent the location of two entities in my space. I calculate the Euclidian distance between them using Pythagoras' theorem and everything is wonderful. However, if my space becomes finite, I want to define a new shortest distance between the points that "wraps around" the seams of the map. For example, if I have point A as (10, 10) and point B as (90,10), and my map is 100 units wide, I'd like to calculate the distance between A and B as 20 (out the right edge of the map and back into the left edge), instead of 80, which is the normal Euclidian distance.

I think my issue is that I'm using a coordinate system that isn't quite right for what I'm trying to do, and that really my flat square map is more of a seamless doughnut shape. Any suggestions for how to implement a system of this nature and convert back and forth from Cartesian coordinates would be appreciated too!