I was able to solve it.
The problem wasn't at the registerForContextMenu(). The issue was my custom ExpandableListAdapter where I used two diffrent views for the GroupViews (getGroup(...)). The one that didn't react to any clicking at all contained a CheckBox which override the focus of the whole GroupView. So I added:
android:focusable="false"
to the CheckBox in the XML and voila, the GroupView with the CheckBox reacted to the clicks.