you have a bad regular expression - as written, url="^/CDN/(.*)$" would only match /CDN/image_cdn-trans.png - because "^" means "from start of..." -- what you really need is url="^.*/CDN/(.*)$
" and then use the matching group {R:1} - for:
<rule name="RewriteIncomingCdnRequest" stopProcessing="true">
<match url="^.*/CDN/(.*)$" ignoreCase="false"/>
<action type="Redirect" redirectType="Permanent" url="https://stplatformstorage.blob.core.windows.net/static/{R:1}" />
</rule>
The URL Rewrite module has a great test function to test your regular expressions.