The standing queries you mentioned are the ones written using LINQ that run inside the StreamInsight engine and not SQL Server itself. With StreamInsight, we the developers are on the hook for writing the adapter/source/sink code to get data in and out.
Can it only use LINQ-to-SQL? Entity Framework 4? plainer ADO.NET? Some MS SQL-specific protocol?
Yes. I have written this code before and I've had good luck with just plain ADO.NET. For what our needs were, it was way more flexible than LINQ-to-SQL and Entity Framework.
Do you have control over the schema of the table(s) you are querying? If you do, I would suggest adding some kind of LastUpdated datetime column that gets updated when the data in your table changes. That way you can write the query in such a way that only pulls back the changes without returning the whole table itself. Your adapter/source will need to have some kind of timer that executes your SQL statement periodically. You'll also need to maintain the last executed datetime so you can plug that into your SQL statement.