LR(1) Item DFA - Computing Lookaheads

Question

I have trouble understanding how to compute the lookaheads for the LR(1)-items.

Lets say that I have this grammar:

S -> AB
A -> aAb | a
B -> d

A LR(1)-item is an LR(0) item with a lookahead. So we will get the following LR(0)-item for state 0:

S -> .AB , {lookahead} 
A -> .aAb,  {lookahead} 
A -> .a,  {lookahead}

State: 1

A ->  a.Ab, {lookahead} 
A ->  a. ,{lookahead} 
A -> .aAb ,{lookahead} 
A ->.a ,{lookahead}

Can somebody explain how to compute the lookaheads ? What is the general approach ?

Thank you in advance

Answer 1

The lookaheads used in an LR(1) parser are computed as follows. First, the start state has an item of the form

S -> .w  ($)

for every production S -> w, where S is the start symbol. Here, the $ marker denotes the end of the input.

Next, for any state that contains an item of the form A -> x.By (t), where x is an arbitrary string of terminals and nonterminals and B is a nonterminal, you add an item of the form B -> .w (s) for every production B -> w and for every terminal in the set FIRST(yt). (Here, FIRST refers to FIRST sets, which are usually introduced when talking about LL parsers. If you haven't seen them before, I would take a few minutes to look over those lecture notes).

Let's try this out on your grammar. We start off by creating an item set containing

S -> .AB ($)

Next, using our second rule, for every production of A, we add in a new item corresponding to that production and with lookaheads of every terminal in FIRST(B$). Since B always produces the string d, FIRST(B$) = d, so all of the productions we introduce will have lookahead d. This gives

S -> .AB ($)
A -> .aAb (d)
A -> .a (d)

Now, let's build the state corresponding to seeing an 'a' in this initial state. We start by moving the dot over one step for each production that starts with a:

A -> a.Ab (d)
A -> a. (d)

Now, since the first item has a dot before a nonterminal, we use our rule to add one item for each production of A, giving those items lookahead FIRST(bd) = b. This gives

A -> a.Ab (d)
A -> a. (d)
A -> .aAb (b)
A -> .a (b)

Continuing this process will ultimately construct all the LR(1) states for this LR(1) parser. This is shown here:

[0]
S -> .AB  ($)
A -> .aAb (d)
A -> .a   (d)

[1]
A -> a.Ab (d)
A -> a.   (d)
A -> .aAb (b)
A -> .a   (b)

[2]
A -> a.Ab (b)
A -> a.   (b)
A -> .aAb (b)
A -> .a   (b)

[3]
A -> aA.b (d)

[4]
A -> aAb. (d)

[5]
S -> A.B  ($)
B -> .d   ($)

[6]
B -> d.   ($)

[7]
S -> AB.  ($)

[8]
A -> aA.b (b)

[9]
A -> aAb. (b)

In case it helps, I taught a compilers course last summer and have all the lecture slides available online. The slides on bottom-up parsing should cover all of the details of LR parsing and parse table construction, and I hope that you find them useful!

Hope this helps!

Answer 2

here is the LR(1) automaton for the grammar as the follow has been done above I think it's better for the understanding to trying draw the automaton and the flow will make the idea of the lookaheads clearer

Answer 3

The LR(1) item set constructed by you should have two more items.

I8 A--> aA.b , b from I2

I9 A--> aAb. , b from I8

Answer 4

I also get 11 states, not 8:

State 0
        S: .A B ["$"]
        A: .a A b ["d"]
        A: .a ["d"]
    Transitions
        S -> 1
        A -> 2
        a -> 5
    Reductions
        none
State 1
        S_Prime: S .$ ["$"]
    Transitions
        none
    Reductions
        none
State 2
        S: A .B ["$"]
        B: .d ["$"]
    Transitions
        B -> 3
        d -> 4
    Reductions
        none
State 3
        S: A B .["$"]
    Transitions
        none
    Reductions
        $ => S: A B .
State 4
        B: d .["$"]
    Transitions
        none
    Reductions
        $ => B: d .
State 5
        A: a .A b ["d"]
        A: .a A b ["b"]
        A: .a ["b"]
        A: a .["d"]
    Transitions
        A -> 6
        a -> 8
    Reductions
        d => A: a .
State 6
        A: a A .b ["d"]
    Transitions
        b -> 7
    Reductions
        none
State 7
        A: a A b .["d"]
    Transitions
        none
    Reductions
        d => A: a A b .
State 8
        A: a .A b ["b"]
        A: .a A b ["b"]
        A: .a ["b"]
        A: a .["b"]
    Transitions
        A -> 9
        a -> 8
    Reductions
        b => A: a .
State 9
        A: a A .b ["b"]
    Transitions
        b -> 10
    Reductions
        none
State 10
        A: a A b .["b"]
    Transitions
        none
    Reductions
        b => A: a A b .