Minimize DOM access inorder to have a more responsive page

Question

These are some abstract questions, ones even that do not necessarily relate to each other.

1. Cache references to accessed elements

Caching references is a practice and sometimes a necessity. The act of maintaining a reference to an element locally (or, um, globally) is rather simple. When working with DOM methods like document.createElement(), there's usually a variable it's saved to. This is a reference that may be cached for later use. document.getElementById returns a reference to an element, document.getElementsByTagName returns a list of references, as does document.querySelectorAll, etc.

2. Update nodes "offline" and then add them to the tree

When you say "offline", I'm not quite sure the context you're referencing. Is this before whatever element (including a string like <div>) is added to the DOM?

There are three primary ways to interact with elements:

document.createElement (with elem.appendChild)

There was a day in the somewhat distant past when this was the de rigueur way of monkeying with your page content. It appealed to the subset of the "web developer" community which was comfortable with an API-like, programmatic way of addressing and manhandling the DOM and it's denizens; it almost looked like real code, the hard stuff.

Sure, some of the code kinda rambled, and iteratively creating and appending and appending to those and on and on looked wicked-cool to anyone who didn't have to birth it.

If you were clever with cloneNode, you could get more reasonable results with DOM nodes. But I think until the last few years, cloneNode wasn't a great option. I may misremember that, cargo-cult and all. Correct me if I'm wrong.

Then IE came along and gave us...
elem.innerHTML

Surprise! This was non-standard, man. How could they? The only problem was, it was really fast. Killer-fast (like IE6/7 never happened either, we all want to forget).

DOM was... whatever, browsers were slow and inefficient and weren't really running real code anyways, so DOM's slowness was tolerated. But then, for whatever reason, innerHTML entered stage-left and groovy, dude, it was faster than DOM methods. And elegant, in "I like staring at markup instead of DOM methods all day" way.

Eventually, everyone got on the .innerHTML bandwagon, and it's now a de facto standard. It's fast, right?

Well. Depends. Doing elem.innerHTML = "Hey!" was fast, yep. So was elem.innerHTML = 'Hey!Yo!What!'. So naturally folks thought, it's a property, let's get giggy and
```
for 1..500 element.innerHTML += 'Medusa!';
```
Psuedo-code there. Where's the problem? += is like kryptonite to our sprinty friend, innerHTML. Crazy-bad, never-do-it, don't-even-think-about-it bad idea. Why? AFAIK, it has to do with the manner in which .innerHTML assaults the inner content, so when you elem.innerHTML += '...mayhem...', you're "tearing down" the DOM each time. Or something. Which makes the DOM weep.

Don't make the DOM cry.
documentFragment

So then at some point (has it always been there? DOM Level 3, if that means anything), documentFragment crashed the scene. MDN's brief note about it sums it up, though. It's a Node separate from the main DOM. Like a little box you put stuff in, before moving it to the daddy DOM.

In terms of speed, it's right behind .innerHTML for the most part, and is all DOM-programmy and stuff. Nifty.

In terms of caching, much of that has to do with how you structure your code and use scope to your advantage. Take for example:

window.addEventListener('load', function () {
  var target = document.getElementById('target'),
      source = document.getElementById('source'),
      ...

  source.addEventListener('click', function () {
    var words = source.getElementsByTagName('span'),
        total = words.length,
        word;

    while (word = words[--total]) {
      target.appendChild(word);
    }
  });

});

http://jsfiddle.net/userdude/T6YLZ/

I keep the target and source above the click handler's scope, so that when I access them later, I already have them. Since I don't add the words to source until window.onload, I won't get all of the span elements with the words to move to target until source.click occurs.

You seem to be describing documentFragments in your terminology. And they're cool. I've only recently come across them, although apparently for those in the know they seem to have been there for a couple years or more. So if you're one of those must.use.dom.methods(now), use documentFragments before inserting into the non-fragment DOM.

However... Keep in mind there are times you will use elemn.innerHTML, because you're adding markup. Maybe you have templates, AJAX response markup, whatnot.

Just don't += when elem.innerHTMLing.