I found the solution. I had to specify search criteria in the discoveryClientSettings element. Here I could explicitly say which types I'm looking for. My standardEndpoints config now looks like the following:
<standardEndpoints>
<dynamicEndpoint>
<standardEndpoint name="dynamicEndpointConfiguration">
<discoveryClientSettings>
<endpoint address="http://server/DiscoveryProxy.svc" behaviorConfiguration="DiscoveryEndpointBehavior" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="NoSecurityBinding" name="DiscoveryEndpoint" kind="discoveryEndpoint" endpointConfiguration="managedDiscoveryEndpointConfiguration" />
<findCriteria>
<types>
<add name="IGreetingService" namespace="urn:poc:igreetingservice:v1"/>
</types>
</findCriteria>
</discoveryClientSettings>
</standardEndpoint>
</dynamicEndpoint>
<discoveryEndpoint>
<standardEndpoint name="managedDiscoveryEndpointConfiguration" discoveryVersion="WSDiscovery11" discoveryMode="Managed"/>
</discoveryEndpoint>
</standardEndpoints>