I'm guessing you're following "Android NDK Beginner's Guide" Book tutorial. I am too! and I'm having the same issue you are having.
Seems there's no way pure Native C++ can access the asset folder inside the apk. You have to make your app JNI so with Java you can pass the asset folder path to C++.
But, it seems there's also a way to use the AAssetManager inside android native glue library but I don't know how because there is no documentation about, not even inside the docs folder inside NDK folder.